A State of Art for Semantic Analysis of Natural Language Processing

It is nearly impossible to study Confucius’s thought without becoming familiar with a few core concepts (LaFleur, 2016), comprehending the meaning is a prerequisite for readers. Various forms of names, such as “formal name,” “style name,” “nicknames,” and “aliases,” have deep roots in traditional Chinese culture. Whether translations adopt a simplified or literal approach, readers stand to benefit from understanding the structure and significance of ancient Chinese names prior to engaging with the text.

Although there has been great progress in the development of new, shareable and richly-annotated resources leading to state-of-the-art performance in developed NLP tools, there is still room for further improvements. Resources are still scarce in relation to potential use cases, and further studies on approaches for cross-institutional (and cross-language) performance are needed. Furthermore, with evolving health care policy, continuing adoption of social media sites, and increasing availability of alternative therapies, there are new opportunities for clinical NLP to impact the world both inside and outside healthcare institution walls. NLP has also been used for mining clinical documentation for cancer-related studies. This dataset is unique in its integration of existing semantic models from both the general and clinical NLP communities. However, manual annotation is time consuming, expensive, and labor intensive on the part of human annotators.

This set of words, such as “gentleman” and “virtue,” can convey specific meanings independently. Furthermore, when combined with other words, these terms can form semantically rich phrases like “good man,” “mean man,” and “superior man.” These high-frequency words and phrases further underscoring the importance of the essential core concepts found in The Analects. The first objective gives insights of the various important terminologies of NLP and NLG, and can be useful for the readers interested to start their early career in NLP and work relevant to its applications. The second objective of this paper focuses on the history, applications, and recent developments in the field of NLP. The third objective is to discuss datasets, approaches and evaluation metrics used in NLP.

Similar content being viewed by others

A further level of semantic analysis is text summarization, where, in the clinical setting, information about a patient is gathered to produce a coherent summary of her clinical status. This is a challenging NLP problem that involves removing redundant information, correctly handling time information, accounting for missing data, and other complex issues. You can foun additiona information about ai customer service and artificial intelligence and NLP. Pivovarov and Elhadad present a thorough review of recent advances in this area [79].

With its ability to process large amounts of data, NLP can inform manufacturers on how to improve production workflows, when to perform machine maintenance and what issues need to be fixed in products. And if companies need to find the best price for specific materials, natural language processing can review various websites and locate the optimal price. Healthcare professionals can develop more efficient workflows with the help of natural language processing. During procedures, doctors can dictate their actions and notes to an app, which produces an accurate transcription. NLP can also scan patient documents to identify patients who would be best suited for certain clinical trials. Gathering market intelligence becomes much easier with natural language processing, which can analyze online reviews, social media posts and web forums.

Dynamic sentiment sensing of cities with social media data

Emotion detection investigates and identifies the types of emotion from speech, facial expressions, gestures, and text. Sharma (2016) [124] analyzed the conversations in Hinglish means mix of English and Hindi languages and identified the usage patterns of PoS. Their work was based on identification of language and POS tagging of mixed script. They tried to detect emotions in mixed script by relating machine learning and human knowledge. They have categorized sentences into 6 groups based on emotions and used TLBO technique to help the users in prioritizing their messages based on the emotions attached with the message. Seal et al. (2020) [120] proposed an efficient emotion detection method by searching emotional words from a pre-defined emotional keyword database and analyzing the emotion words, phrasal verbs, and negation words.

Semantics is a branch of linguistics, which aims to investigate the meaning of language. Semantics deals with the meaning of sentences and words as fundamentals in the world. Semantic analysis within the framework of natural language processing evaluates and represents human language and analyzes texts written in the English language and other natural languages with the interpretation similar to those of human beings. The overall results of the study were that semantics is paramount in processing natural languages and aid in machine learning.

This problem can also be transformed into a classification problem and a machine learning model can be trained for every relationship type. Now, we can understand that meaning representation shows how to put together the building blocks of semantic systems. In other words, it shows how to put together entities, concepts, relation and predicates to describe a situation. But before getting into the concept and approaches related to meaning representation, we need to understand the building blocks of semantic system. Latent semantic analysis (LSA) can be done on the ‘Headings’ or on the ‘News’ column. Since the ‘News’ column contains more texts, we would use this column for our analysis.

A plethora of new clinical use cases are emerging due to established health care initiatives and additional patient-generated sources through the extensive use of social media and other devices. The first part of semantic analysis, studying the meaning of individual words is called lexical semantics. It includes words, sub-words, affixes (sub-units), compound words and phrases also. In other words, we can say that lexical semantics is the relationship between lexical items, meaning of sentences and syntax of sentence. Additionally, the lack of resources developed for languages other than English has been a limitation in clinical NLP progress. One of the most difficult aspects of working with big data is the prevalence of unstructured data, and perhaps the most widespread source of unstructured data is the information contained in text files in the form of natural language.

These two sentences mean the exact same thing and the use of the word is identical. It is a complex system, although little children can learn it pretty quickly. Insights derived from data also help teams detect areas of improvement and make better decisions.

The first objective of this paper is to give insights of the various important terminologies of NLP and NLG. The first category consists of core conceptual words in the text, which embody cultural meanings that are influenced by a society’s customs, behaviors, and thought processes, and may vary across different cultures. These recurrent words in The Analects include key cultural concepts such as “君子 Jun Zi, 小人 Xiao Ren, 仁 Ren, 道 Dao, 礼 Li,” and others (Li et al., 2022).

Natural language processing can help customers book tickets, track orders and even recommend similar products on e-commerce websites. Teams can also use data on customer purchases to inform what types of products to stock up on and when to replenish inventories. In the second part, the individual words will be combined to provide meaning in sentences. Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) involves creating structured data from a collection of unstructured texts. Before getting into the concept of LSA, let us have a quick intuitive understanding of the concept. When we write anything like text, the words are not chosen randomly from a vocabulary.

Relationship Extraction

Further, they mapped the performance of their model to traditional approaches for dealing with relational reasoning on compartmentalized information. The world’s first smart earpiece Pilot will soon be transcribed over 15 languages. According to Spring wise, Waverly Labs’ Pilot can already transliterate five spoken languages, English, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, and seven written affixed languages, German, Hindi, Russian, Japanese, Arabic, Korean and Mandarin Chinese. The Pilot earpiece is connected via Bluetooth to the Pilot speech translation app, which uses speech recognition, machine translation and machine learning and speech synthesis technology. Simultaneously, the user will hear the translated version of the speech on the second earpiece. Moreover, it is not necessary that conversation would be taking place between two people; only the users can join in and discuss as a group.

Luong et al. [70] used neural machine translation on the WMT14 dataset and performed translation of English text to French text. The model demonstrated a significant improvement of up to 2.8 bi-lingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) scores compared to various neural machine translation systems. The Robot uses AI techniques to automatically analyze documents and other types of data in any business system which is subject to GDPR rules. It allows users to search, retrieve, flag, classify, and report on data, mediated to be super sensitive under GDPR quickly and easily. Users also can identify personal data from documents, view feeds on the latest personal data that requires attention and provide reports on the data suggested to be deleted or secured. RAVN’s GDPR Robot is also able to hasten requests for information (Data Subject Access Requests – “DSAR”) in a simple and efficient way, removing the need for a physical approach to these requests which tends to be very labor thorough.

• We present a review of recent advances in clinical Natural Language Processing (NLP), with a focus on semantic analysis and key subtasks that support such analysis.
• In early 1980s computational grammar theory became a very active area of research linked with logics for meaning and knowledge’s ability to deal with the user’s beliefs and intentions and with functions like emphasis and themes.
• Now that we’ve learned about how natural language processing works, it’s important to understand what it can do for businesses.
• The arguments for the predicate can be identified from other parts of the sentence.

In that case it would be the example of homonym because the meanings are unrelated to each other. The automated process of identifying in which sense is a word used according semantic analysis in natural language processing to its context. Since each translation contains 890 sentences, pairing the five translations produces 10 sets of comparison results, totaling 8900 average results.

Introduction to Semantic Analysis

Methods for creating annotated corpora more efficiently have been proposed in recent years, addressing efficiency issues such as affordability and scalability. The most crucial step to enable semantic analysis in clinical NLP is to ensure that there is a well-defined underlying schematic model and a reliably-annotated corpus, that enables system development and evaluation. It is also essential to ensure that the created corpus complies with ethical regulations and does not reveal any identifiable information about patients, i.e. de-identifying the corpus, so that it can be more easily distributed for research purposes. Xie et al. [154] proposed a neural architecture where candidate answers and their representation learning are constituent centric, guided by a parse tree.

Conversely, certain translators opt for consistency in translating personal names, a method that boosts readability but may sacrifice the cultural nuances embedded in The Analects. The simplification of personal names in translation inevitably affects the translation of many dialogues in the original text. This practice can result in the loss of linguistic subtleties and tones that signify distinct identities within particular contexts.

Text summarization extracts words, phrases, and sentences to form a text summary that can be more easily consumed. The accuracy of the summary depends on a machine’s ability to understand language data. While NLP and other forms of AI aren’t perfect, natural language processing can bring objectivity to data analysis, providing more accurate and consistent results. With the use of sentiment analysis, for example, we may want to predict a customer’s opinion and attitude about a product based on a review they wrote. Sentiment analysis is widely applied to reviews, surveys, documents and much more.

In the existing literature, most of the work in NLP is conducted by computer scientists while various other professionals have also shown interest such as linguistics, psychologists, and philosophers etc. One of the most interesting aspects of NLP is that it adds up to the knowledge of human language. The field of NLP is related with different theories and techniques that deal with the problem of natural language of communicating with the computers. Some of these tasks have direct real-world applications such as Machine translation, Named entity recognition, Optical character recognition etc. Though NLP tasks are obviously very closely interwoven but they are used frequently, for convenience.

A semantic analysis algorithm needs to be trained with a larger corpus of data to perform better. Natural Language Processing or NLP is a branch of computer science that deals with analyzing spoken and written language. Advances in NLP have led to breakthrough innovations such as chatbots, automated content creators, summarizers, and sentiment analyzers. The field’s ultimate goal is to ensure that computers understand and process language as well as humans. The meaning representation can be used to reason for verifying what is correct in the world as well as to extract the knowledge with the help of semantic representation. With the help of meaning representation, we can represent unambiguously, canonical forms at the lexical level.

The Centre d’Informatique Hospitaliere of the Hopital Cantonal de Geneve is working on an electronic archiving environment with NLP features [81, 119]. At later stage the LSP-MLP has been adapted for French [10, 72, 94, 113], and finally, a proper NLP system called RECIT [9, 11, 17, 106] has been developed using a method called Proximity Processing [88]. It’s task was to implement a robust and multilingual system able to analyze/comprehend medical sentences, and to preserve a knowledge of free text into a language independent knowledge representation [107, 108]. The Columbia university of New York has developed an NLP system called MEDLEE (MEDical Language Extraction and Encoding System) that identifies clinical information in narrative reports and transforms the textual information into structured representation [45]. Ambiguity is one of the major problems of natural language which occurs when one sentence can lead to different interpretations. In case of syntactic level ambiguity, one sentence can be parsed into multiple syntactical forms.

We next discuss some of the commonly used terminologies in different levels of NLP. In simple words, we can say that lexical semantics represents the relationship between lexical items, the meaning of sentences, and the syntax of the sentence. But before deep dive into the concept and approaches related to meaning representation, firstly we have to understand the building blocks of the semantic system.

It is used in customer care applications to understand the problems reported by customers either verbally or in writing. Linguistics is the science which involves the meaning of language, language context and various forms of the language. So, it is important to understand various important terminologies of NLP and different levels of NLP.

In the recent past, models dealing with Visual Commonsense Reasoning [31] and NLP have also been getting attention of the several researchers and seems a promising and challenging area to work upon. These models try to extract the information from an image, video using a visual reasoning paradigm such as the humans can infer from a given image, video beyond what is visually obvious, such as objects’ functions, people’s intents, and mental states. Santoro et al. [118] introduced a rational recurrent neural network with the capacity to learn on classifying the information and perform complex reasoning based on the interactions between compartmentalized information. Finally, the model was tested for language modeling on three different datasets (GigaWord, Project Gutenberg, and WikiText-103).

As if now the user may experience a few second lag interpolated the speech and translation, which Waverly Labs pursue to reduce. The Pilot earpiece will be available from September but can be pre-ordered now for $249. The earpieces can also be used for streaming music, answering voice calls, and getting audio notifications.

Specifically, they studied which note titles had the highest yield (‘hit rate’) for extracting psychosocial concepts per document, and of those, which resulted in high precision. This approach resulted in an overall precision for all concept categories of 80% on a high-yield set of note titles. They conclude that it is not necessary to involve an entire document corpus for phenotyping using NLP, and that semantic attributes such as negation and context are the main source of false positives. To summarize, natural language processing in combination with deep learning, is all about vectors that represent words, phrases, etc. and to some degree their meanings. It allows computers to understand and interpret sentences, paragraphs, or whole documents, by analyzing their grammatical structure, and identifying relationships between individual words in a particular context. The five translators examined in this study have effectively achieved a balance between being faithful to the original text and being easy for readers to accept by utilizing apt vocabulary and providing essential para-textual information.

Pragmatic analysis helps users to uncover the intended meaning of the text by applying contextual background knowledge. Determining the similarity among the sentences is a predominant task in natural language processing. The semantic determining task is one of the important research area in today’s applications related to text analytics. The semantic of the sentences get varied according to the textual context it is used. In natural language processing, determining the semantic likeness between sentences is an important research area. As a result, a lot of research is done in determining the semantic likeness in the text.

Earlier language-based models examine the text in either of one direction which is used for sentence generation by predicting the next word whereas the BERT model examines the text in both directions simultaneously for better language understanding. BERT provides contextual embedding for each word present in the text unlike context-free models (word2vec and GloVe). For example, in the sentences “he is going to the riverbank for a walk” and “he is going to the bank to withdraw some money”, word2vec will have one vector representation for “bank” in both the sentences whereas BERT will have different vector representation for “bank”.